Assly told me this evening about the study and I thought it would be good to share.
Did you know that 20% of the US population is considered to be illiterate? The new study from the National Endowment for the Arts addresses not just literary reading but reading of all sorts, including the reading people now do online. The new report also relied upon a larger group of sources, including reports generated by the Department of Education and the Department of Labor as well as the National Commission on Writing. In 2006 people between 15 and 24 years old, voluntarily read only about seven minutes a day during the week and 10 minutes a day on weekends. On the other hand, they watched TV about 2.5 hours a day. Not only are Americans reading less, they are reading less well what they do read. Between 1992 and 2005, the percentage of 12
th graders who read at the proficient level declined from 40% to 35% and has now declined to even less then 30 %. The other 50% have the proficiency rating of fourth graders.
Researchers from the Global Language Monitor , have performed a detailed analysis of the current series of Presidential Debates (and the major-party convention acceptance speeches) in terms of word usage choices, grade reading-level appropriateness, and the use of such grammatical constructions as passive voice to show how the complexity level had to be constantly lowered:
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1895)In the Lincoln-Douglas debates,
Stephen Douglas' seven speeches averaged a 12th-grade level (
11.9) while
Lincoln's averaged
11.2. The difference is explained by the fact that, although both used about the same number of words, Lincoln broke his speech down into shorter paragraphs, a stylistic choice probably intended to make his points easier to understand. (For an added comparison they analysed Washington's Farewell Address, which also came in at a 12th grade reading level.)
FDR's Declaration of War
President
Franklin Roosevelt's declaration of war in December 1941 maintained the standard of his predecessors at a grade-level of
11.5.
The first nationally televised debates, however, marked the beginning of the downtrend. John Kennedy's readability grade level was 9.6 while Richard Nixon's was 9.1. The general consensus is that Kennedy 'won' the debates on points of style and his command of the new medium.
Presidents Carter and Ford are to be credited for momentarily stemming the decline. In the Ford-Carter debates, President Carter maintained a 10.4 level and President Ford's reached 11th-grade level. In the Carter-Reagan debate, the level of Carter's language reached that of the 12th grade while Reagan's achieved a respectable 10.7. But since then, the grade-level of presidential debates has returned to decline.
The First Bush-Gore Debates
This brings us to the first Bush-Gore debate of 2000. Are these candidates speaking to the American people on a higher level than their predecessors? To their credit, on average, they are. In the first presidential debate, Gore's readability score on the Flesch-Kincaid scale was 8.4 (identical with Clinton's average over his two debates) while Bush scored 7.1 (actually half a grade-level higher than his father in the Bush-Clinton-Perot debates of 1992).
The Second and Third Bush-Gore Debates
The second round of presidential debates, in which the candidates sat around a table rather than stand behind podiums, reflected a lowering of the Flesch-Kincaid grade levels in the speech of the presidential candidates Al Gore and George Bush. In the second round of debates and the grade level of their speech dropped from 7.1 to 6.5 for Bush and 8.4 to 7.7 for Gore. The third debate was a town meeting in which the candidates responded to questions from the audience rather than from Jim Lehrer. The grade level dropped insignificantly
McCain and Obama
In a linguistic analysis of the final Presidential Debate between Barack Obama and John McCain, the Global Language Monitor has found that in sharp contrast to prior debates, Obama’s use of the passive voice doubled that of McCain (and was significantly higher than he typically uses). The use of the passive voice is considered significant in political speech because audiences generally respond better to active voice, which they tend to view as more direct. On a grade-level basis, Obama came in at 9.3 with McCain scoring grade level, while McCain came in at 7.4, a difference of nearly two grade levels.
Sad really.